Neonatal lung function following mid-trimester amniocentesis

Three hundred and fifty-four women who underwent midtrimester genetic amniocentesis were matched for age, parity, indication, and smoking history, with an equivalent number of women who had declined the procedure, for the purpose of comparing the neonatal respiratory status of their offspring. There was no evidence that the infants exposed to genetic amniocentesis were compromised.     

机动车排出物对人体健康危害的研究

运用基因、ＤＮＡ、染色体，细胞和整个动物为终点的远期危害测试系统，对各类机动车排出尾气的有机提取物的致突变性及潜在致癌性进行了评估，同时运用流行病学方法对接触人群进行调查，结果表明：（１）柴油车，助动车的颗粒有机提取物包含１００多种化学物，（２）Ａｍｅｓ、ＵＤＳ微核及ＳＨＥ细胞恶性转化试验为阳性结果，具有突变性及致癌性。（３）它们能使人胚细胞形成转化灶并发现其中的ｃ－ｍｙｃ，ｐ２１及ｂｃｌ－２表达     

重庆酸沉降物对小学生肺通气功能影响的探讨

本文选择重庆市酸沉降物不同污染水平的三个地区,7～12岁小学生共计1081人,进行肺通气功能测定,共9项指标(FVC、FEV_1、FEV_1％、PEFR、MMEF、FVC％、V_(75)、V_(50)和V_(25))。结果发现10岁女小学生全部指标均显示出污染地区明显低于相对清洁区。尤以V_(50)和V_(25)更敏感(P<0.001)。本调查与攀枝花和辽宁两地区10岁女小学生部分肺通气功能进行比较,发现FVC、FEV_1和PEFR值重庆相对清洁区和污染区均比两地区低。特别是V_(50)和V_(25)的值低1～2倍。     

矿山呼吸性粉尘危害程度评价法研究

矿山呼吸性粉尘危害程度评价法研究侯祺棕（武汉工业大学资源与环境工程系）［摘要］通过对矿山呼吸性粉尘实际危害程度评价法的研究，并经实例检验，推荐两种具有可操作性和足够准确的评价法，这对矿山呼吸性粉尘监测新技术的推广具有重要意义。［关键词］呼吸性粉尘，危...     

Estimates of health benefits due to reductions in ambient NO2 levels

A method is presented here by which the actual numbers of individuals in the U.S. population who would be expected to suffer respiratory illness as a result of exposure to ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) concentrations in excess of the Federally-designated ambient air quality standard can be estimated. At the same time we have attempted to quantify how these adverse health effects would be alleviated by various degrees of reductions in current ambient concentrations. In addition, the health benefit expected to be derived by various NO_x emission control strategies will be examined utilizing the health benefit estimation method presented.It is estimated that there were approximately 33.2×10⁶ excess cases of respiratory illnesses in the U.S. in 1973 associated with ambient NO₂ concentrations in excess of the national ambient standard. A reduction of approximately 50 to 60 percent below 1973 NO₂ levels is needed to essentially eliminate excess respiratory illness associated with ambient NO₂ concentration.     

Evaluation of a healthcare safety climate measurement tool

Problem

Psychometrically validated measurement tools are needed to evaluate an organization's safety climate. In 2000, Gershon and colleagues published a new healthcare safety climate measurement tool to determine its relationship to safe work behavior (Gershon, R., Karkashian, C., Grosch, J., Murphy, L., Escamilla-Cejudo, A., Flanagan, P., et al. (2000). Hospital safety climate and its relationship with safe work practices and workplace exposure incidents. American Journal of Infection Control, 28, 211-21). The present study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Gershon tool when modified to address respiratory rather than bloodborne pathogen exposures.

Method

Medical practitioners, nurses, and nurse aides (n = 460) were surveyed using the modified Gershon tool. Data were analyzed by factor analysis and psychometric properties of the tool evaluated.

Results

Eight safety climate dimensions were extracted from 25 items (Cronbach's alpha range: 0.62 - 0.88). Factor extractions and psychometric properties were reasonably consistent with those of the Gershon tool.

Impact on Industry

The Gershon safety climate tool appears to have sufficient reliability and validity for use by healthcare decision makers as an indicator of employee perceptions of safety in their institution.     

The use of respirometric measurements to determine the toxicity of textile dyes in aqueous solution and after oxidative decolourisation processes

Selected results from the degradation of reactive-dye hydrolysates after UV irradiation, ozonation and sodium peroxodisulphate (NaPS) treatment are presented. Reactive dyes with representative chromophores and anchor groups were chosen for the research project. Different stages of oxidative decolourisation were examined and determined by water parameters for biological degradation (BOD). The paper focuses on toxicity tests with Pseudomonas putida to consider whether the oxidative treatments result in products with a risk for the environment. Tests were performed with the AQUALYTIC^® Sensomat System, which measures biological oxygen demand (BOD). It was determined that the chosen oxidative treatments had as a rule no bearing on respiration of P. putida. Experiments with hydrolysates after short-term UV irradiation resulted in a slightly increased but not long-lasting toxicity in comparison with treatments with ozone or NaPS. Toxic effects were found in tests with hydrolysates of metalliferous dyes. During oxidative treatment, metals were liberated from the chromophores. This did cause complete inhibition of respiration of P. putida. Dye Blue E, a member of a dye class with chlorotriazine anchor groups, was itself found to be toxic, caused by the reactivity of the anchor group. The hydrolysate is only of minor toxicity.     

化肥厂尿素粉尘对人体的危害性调研及工业卫生评价

通过对动物皮肤染毒和皮下注射尿素溶液试验，观察尿素粉尘对动物皮肤、呼吸道和肝、肾等器官的损伤程度。对触尘人员与非触尘人员健康状况进行调查比较，分析尿素粉尘对人体的危害程度。结果：动物皮肤染毒４８小时后，对不同剂量染毒组的动物皮肤在光镜下观察试验结果，其表皮层细胞未见任何异常。对不同剂量染毒组经注射实验后，发现高浓度尿素粉尘对气管粘膜有轻度损伤，且有剂量——效应关系；在动物肝、肾、肺泡等器官未见明显损害。对触尘群体健康调查后，初步认为长时间接触尿素粉尘对人体呼吸系统有一定的影响，且局限在气管和支气管；尿素粉尘对人体皮肤基本无刺激作用。     

谈矿山推行呼吸性粉尘监测

矿山粉尘严重危害矿工身体健康,现有全尘监测方法存在许多弊端,必须进行改革,采用于国际接轨的呼吸性粉尘监测方法,从此法在我国的试点情况和大冶有色金属公司的实践来看,全面推广的时机基本成熟。     

Fine particulate matter and cardiorespiratory health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies

This review aimed to systematically summarize the epidemiological literature on the cardiorespiratory effects of PM_2.5 published during the 13^th Five-Year Plan period (2016–2020) in China. Original articles published between January 1, 2016 and June 30, 2021 were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, the China National Knowledge Internet Database and Wanfang Database. Random- or fixed-effects models were used to pool effect estimates where appropriate. Of 8558 records identified, 145 met the full eligibility criteria. A 10 µg/m³ increase in short-term PM_2.5 exposure was significantly associated with increases of 0.70%, 0.86%, 0.38% and 0.96% in cardiovascular mortality, respiratory mortality, cardiovascular morbidity, and respiratory morbidity, respectively. The specific diseases with significant associations included stroke, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, arrhythmia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia and allergic rhinitis. The pooled estimates per 10 µg/m³ increase in long-term PM_2.5 exposure were 15.1%, 11.9% and 21.0% increases in cardiovascular, stroke and lung cancer mortality, and 17.4%, 11.0% and 4.88% increases in cardiovascular, hypertension and lung cancer incidence respectively. Adverse changes in blood pressure, heart rate variability, systemic inflammation, blood lipids, lung function and airway inflammation were observed for either short-term or long-term PM_2.5 exposure, or both. Collectively, we summarized representative exposure-response relationships between short- and long-term PM_2.5 exposure and a wide range of cardiorespiratory outcomes applicable to China. The magnitudes of estimates were generally smaller in short-term associations and comparable in long-term associations compared with those in developed countries. Our findings are helpful for future standard revisions and policy formulation. There are still some notable gaps that merit further investigation in China.